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Organic Soil Fertility Management of improved rice production
ORGANIC SOIL FERTILITY MANAGEMENT FOR RICE PRODUCTION INCOME GENERATION AND BETTER WITH LESS COST achieved in some paddy fields AS MODEL IN ORISSA
AK Panigrahix1, TR Sahoox2, SA and NK Beherax3 Swainx4
SUMMARY:
Green revolution in the country was introduced in the sixties to meet the demand for food and add the cereal crop in Rabi. The consequences of this revolution is alarming disastrous. The humus stripped soil has lost its ability to retain water, pests have gained a tremendous resistance to pesticides. India paddies are adding more or less close to 37.8 metric tons of methane, a greenhouse gas in the atmosphere. Food and groundwater contaminated with pesticides.
The environmental degradation, pollution of food and water demand a paradigm shift from chemical to organic agriculture. With the increasing demand for food, holdings decreased farming and the exodus of the farming communities of the villages to cities away from agriculture, organic farming only will not suffice. The new technique devised is known as sustainable agriculture, where soil fertility, crop yield and pest management are addressed along with environmental protection. This method of agriculture is in harmony with nature. The article examines three ex situ experiments on the above issues are discussed along with the cost-benefit and sheds light on the making of sustainable agriculture.
INTRODUCTION
More than six decades, Sir Albert Howard explained the nature of soil fertility in his famous book, An Agricultural Testament "as low. The nature of soil fertility can only be understood when considered in relation to the round of Nature. For the study of soil fertility, we must know the natural working of the system and the adoption of methods research strictly related to a topic. We look at soil fertility as they would study a business where profit and loss account should be taken together with the balance, the position of concern, and the method of management. We have to consider the wood, not the individual tree. The same applies to soil fertility. According to him, fertile soil is one that has plenty of humus. If the soil is deficient in humus, the volume of pore space is reduced, soil aeration is prevented, there is enough organic matter to the people of the soil, the soil becomes exhausted machines, the supply of oxygen, water and dissolved salts needed by hair root is reduced, the synthesis of carbohydrates and protein in green leaf comes at a slower pace, the growth is affected.
Agriculture chemical impact analysis;
Then came the war and the war ended sooner than expected, resulting in the accumulation of surplus stocks of war exploxive related materials, especially nitrogen and phosphorus. Comprehensive approach to agriculture changed in the case of population growth and changing materials and life sciences. New seeds were developed and introduced to improve food production, which soon became popular in populous countries like India, China, Southeast Asian countries and Japan. War surplus chemicals becomes compounds called artificial chemical fertilizers. The seeds, popularly called "seeds of the green revolution" or "miracle seeds" were developed for the consumption of synthetic chemical fertilizers, artificial water
produce more food. Therefore, the monoculture came into force at the expense of agricultural biodiversity and water resources and decreases.
Four decades of green revolution in India, the situation is pathetic general soil humus has become poor, too hard and has no pores for holding air and moisture. This soil contains no beneficial microbes, but the eggs pathogens and pests, which require excessive use of pesticides synthetic. The impacts of these chemicals, artificial chemical fertilizers and synthetic pesticides are also observable. No data have been published by India agencies like the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA). The EPA found in 1991 that provided estimates of methane emission from rice fields India amounted to 37.8 metric tons per year, which accuses the farmers of rice from India in addition to the global buildup of greenhouse gases Green as methane is also considered a greenhouse gas. Accordingly, in India more emphasis is now attached to switch to conventional farming and not keep rice cultivation limited to 47 percent of farmland. The use of artificial chemical fertilizers especially N-fertilizers always invite agricultural pests and applications of pesticides, synthetic pesticides. The disastrous consequences of using these synthetic pesticides for several decades are clearly observable. There is an increase of pesticide resistance in pest species and disease-causing microbes at the expense of beneficial organisms such as beneficial insects (bees) and birds of prey (vultures). Reports of crop failure are also linked to natural changes in soil condition. Reports of methane emissions are obviously overuse of nitrogen fertilizers such as urea. The reports of the presence of agricultural pesticides in ground water (bottled water and soda water) are certainly applications due to their excessive and no degradation. There are reports of people in villages who die after drinking water from shallow tube wells in Orissa (Chakulia, Balasore, 2005).
HYPOTHESIS
Therefore considered essential to find a solution to thereby improve crop yield through increased fertility organic soil without further degrading their status and keep pathogens and pests at bay through the use of natural pest repellents, pesticides botanists and the use of methods of biological pest control. But most important is, after Sir Howard to carry out a balance of gains and losses so growing a profitable company, so out of place for future situations such as retirement resources, contract farming and especially the exodus of communities agricultural villages to cities successfully frustrated. In India, agriculture is a company of millions of years, Sir Howard has changed from being a Western expert an expert East. The population is growing alarmingly, but the arable land is decreasing. Farmers are committing suicides due to crop losses. Should be a change in the focus of almost all agriculture in the moment. Modern agriculture must be sustainable, ie, in harmony with nature. With the objectives uncollected account established authors experimented with the main crop in Orissa, the cultivation of rice is, both in Kharif and focus Rabi.Methodology, implementation, observation and cost effectiveness of three experiments and ex situ, one of the Rabi and Kharif other two are furnished below.
Material and Methods Comments:
Experiment 1: Rabi 2003 -04
farmer's name and address - Sri Surendra Nath Patra, Vill-Dharampur, Kasba Fulwar, Balasore in Orissa.
The type of soil - alluvial deltas
crop-type rice (VARs) - Lalat (SRO-26-2014-4) known qualities - Duration: 125 to 130 days.
Grain type: Medium * Delgado, grain yield per hectare: 40 quintals (such as registration)
Experimental Unit: 1 Acre
Source of seed: Farmers own saved (OS)
SL NO. The activities associated with chemical control Rs Rs. Organic R
1. Seed cost operating system OS 0.00 OS 0.00 0.00
2. Seeds 2HL bed preparation 2HL 2HL 100.00 100.00 100.00
1BL 1BL 1BL 80.00 80.00 80.00
3. Ist crop Tractors tractor 600.00 600.00 600.00
(2 hours) (2 hours) (2 hours)
4. farmyard manure is not applicable Not applicable 2 tons 0.00
(II)
5. HL waterlogging 6 300.00 300.00 300.00 6HL 6HL
2BL 160.00 160.00 160.00 2BL 2BL
6. No basal application Gromor 700.00 70 kg cake Give me RP 1qt. 400.00 100.00 0.00 20 kg Azolla
(II)
7. Transplantation 35HL 2000.00 1750.00 1750.00 35 40 HL HL
8. Intercultural 5HL 7HL 250.00 250.00 350.00 5 HL
9. a lid) Ist No urea Give me cake dressing
60.00 12 kg to 50 200.00 kg
RP cow urine
30.00 6 kg 250 lts. 0.00 (II)
b) Second to None urea coverage
50.00 10 kg cow urine
RP 250 lts. 0.00 5kg 25.00 (II)
10. No pesticide application 400.00 200.00
(Lure appln.)
11. Irrigation (total) 250.00 250.00 250.00
12. The cut crop 18HL 750.00 15HL 900.00 15HL 750.00
13. Trilla 10HL 13HL 10HL 500.00 650.00 500.00
14. No other expenses 100.00 150.00
(Control pest)
15. Total costs involved (in Rs) 4740.00 6855.00 5690.00
16. 12.7qntls a.Yield grain. 23.5qntls 20.2qntls
@ @ @ 520/-qntl 520/-per qntl 520/-qntl
6604.00 10504.00 12220.00
15.85qntls b.Yield of straw 25.07qntls 29.47qntls
@ 80 / to 70 -= -= 1268.00 / 1755.00 @ 80 / -= 2358.00
17. The total yield (in terms of Rs.) 7872.00 12259.00 14578.00
18. Net profit 8888.00 5404.00 3132.00
19. Cost-benefit (17/15) 2,562 1,788 1,66
Experiment -2: Kharif 2004-05:
Name and address of farmer: Raghunath Barik, Bhimpur
Soil type: alluvial coastal crop type: HYV rice (Pooja) (recently introduced)
Experimental unit area: a source of seed of Acre: farmer's own saved seed (0S)
SL N º. The activities associated with chemical control Rs Rs. Organic R
1. Seeds operating cost 0.00 0.00 0.00 OS OS
2. Seed bed preparation 2HL 2HL 100.00 100.00 100.00 2HL
1BL 1BL 1BL 80.00 80.00 80.00
3. Tractor Tractor Ist crop
600.00 2 hours 2 hours. 600.00 2 hours. 600.00
4. Poultry manure Not applicable Not applicable 2 tons (II) 0.00
5. Waterlogging 6HL 300.00 300.00 300.00 6HL 6HL
160.00 160.00 160.00 2BL 2BL 2BL
6. Basal application NIL Give me oil cake Gromor
70 kg 700.00 600.00 1.5Q
Sesbania RP
110.00 100.00 10kg 20kg
BF 500gm. 100.00
VC 5 qntls.
(II) 0.00
7. Transplantation 35HL 35HL 40HL 1750.00 1750.00 20000.00
8. Intercultural 8HL 8HL 10HL 400.00 500.00 400.00
9. Top dressing Ist No bacterial urea fertilizer
12 kg 250 gr 60.00 50.00
RP 2.5qntls compost.
6 kg 30.00 (1.1) 0.00
10. No cover second bacterial urea fertilizer
10 kg 250 gr 50.00 50.00
RP 2.5qntls compost.
25.00 5kg (1.1) 0.00
11. No pesticide application Total 400.00 (1.1) 0.00
12. Cutting Crop 15HL 750.00 18HL 900.00 15HL 750,00
13. Trilla 10HL 500.00 13HL 650.00 10HL 500.00
14. Several No 100.00 150.00
15. Total costs involved (in rupees). 6,755.00 4,640.00 5,700.00
16. a. 16.50qntl grain yield. 21.9qntl 8,580.00. 22.10qntl 11,388.00. 11492 / -
b. The straw yield 22.10qntl 27.5qntl 29.4qntl 1768.00 1925.00 2352 / -
c. The total yield (in rupees). 13313.00 10348.00 13.844 / -
17. Net profit 6558.00 5708.00 8144 / -
18. The cost-benefit (16c/15) 2,429 1,971 2,23
State of soil fertility higher crop at different stages.
Plot N (kg / ha) P (kg / ha), K (Kg / ha)
Subiah and Olsen, 1956 Asija ammonium acetate method method (alkaline permanganate)
Initial 45DAT initial 45DAT After After After initial 45DAT of
harvest harvest harvest
Control 511.9 499.4 426.49 50.00 44.6 15.2 312.0 300.8 200.25
Chemical 511.9 561.2 520.57 52.2 50.00 26.16 312.0 346.6 241,9
Organic 511.9 560.7 564.4 50.00 43.7 18.24 312.0 336.8 251.32
Experiment. 3. Kharif 2004-05
Name and address of farmer: Sri Jena Pitamber,
Al-Mangalpur, PO-Chengdu-Mangalpur, Via-Bhimda, Dist, Mayurbhanj (Orissa)
Soil type: sandy loam
types of crops: rice (VARs) Kasturi
Source of seed you buy from another producer (PI)
(7.5 kg @ 5 / -. For kg = R 37.50p)
Knowing the yield potential of variety (Kasturi) ± 20 quintals per acre (chemical)
Plot: 30 decimal (100 decimals = 1 acre)
Ingredients applies:
1. Sesbania (Dhanicha) @ 12 kg of seeds per acre = 3 kg 600gm @ R. 11 / - 1 kg = Rs. 39.60p)
2. Give me oil cake @ 45 kg @ 150kg/acre = R. 4/-kg = Rs. 180.00
3. Cow urine soaked soil stable to 4 quintals per acre = 1.2 quintals (inside entrance)
4. Orina@7.8 liters of fresh cow twice a week for 6 weeks (internal input)
5. Homemade compost heap - 2 truckloads (II)
MATERIAL AND METHODS
Sesbania seeds were sown in the soil after the first cultivation and allowed to grow to the stage preflowering where after the field was plowed and the plants were incorporated into the soil along with the cake pongame oil, cow urine soaked soil and compost barn home. Land higher agricultural land thus became a paste of ground Sesbania plants, pongame cakes, soaked in cow urine covered the floor, homemade compost and standing water (just enough to create a condition of clay). Allow to stand overnight. The field was then transplanted with rice seedlings after two days. Since then, the field was periodically removed and fresh cow urine applied at regular intervals to add more potassium * soil.
[* The authors found that fresh cow urine is a rich source of potassium available to plants and help to better fruiting.]
NOTE:
1. Soil samples were collected at different stages for the study of the conditions of soil fertility and NPK values were determined.
Study sample N (kg / ha) P (kg / ha), K (K / ha)
Initial 283.7 168.3 42.6
DAT 45 45.8 273.6 458.2
DAT 75 462.1 39.9 260.1
After 35.2 393.6 254.7 harvest
2. Grain yield at harvest: 8.5 bushels (28.33 @ quintals per acre-or-70 quintals per hectare)
3. Performance straw at harvest: 9.9 quintals (@ 32.9 quintals per hectare)
Benefit Cost Index:
1. Total expenditure: Rs. 1317.10
A. Ingredients: (input purchased)
i. The cost of rice seeds: R 37.50
ii. Sesbania seeds cost: Rs. 39.60
iii. The cost of oil cake pongame: Rs. 180.00
B. Job:
i. Seed bed preparation of a HL: Rs. 50.00
ii. Cultivation of a BL Ist: Rs. 80.00
iii. Ponding to BL: R 80.00
iv. Transplantation 10 HL: Rs. 500.00
v. Intercultural 1HL: Rs. 50.00
vi. Crop cut 4 HL: Rs. 200.00
vii. Trilla 2HL: Rs. 100.00
2. Total proceeds from the sale of performance:
i.Value grain
8.5 quintals @ 600 / - per quintal =: Rs. 5100.00
ii Value of straw
@ 9.9 quintals quintals 80/-per =: Rs. 792.00
---------------------
R TOTAL. 5892.00
3. The cost-benefit (2 / 1) = 4.47
Abbreviations used:
HL = Job human Bullock BL = Labour, RP = potassium chloride, N = nitrogen (total), P = Phosphorus (available), K = Potash (available), II = internal input, PI Input =- purchase, BF = bacterial Feriliser, VC = vermicompost.
Principal Investigator, UGC MRP Organic Agriculture, FM (Auto) College, Balasore (Orissa) 756001 - x1
x2-Associate Project, organic agriculture UGC MRP, FM (Auto) College, Balasore (Orissa) 756 001
x3-Research Associates, PPBSA-Navdanya Ranipatna, Balasore (Orissa) 756 001.
x4 Co-Investigator, UGC MRP Farming, FM (Auto) College, Balasore (Orissa) 756 001
RECOGNITION:
Authors are indebted to the University Grants Commission, Bahadur Shah Zafar Marg, New Delhi-2, and Navdanya Foundation, A/60 Hauz Khas, New Delhi, 16 for financial aid received from them to carry out ex situ field studies and laboratory evaluations.
References:
Avery, D.1995 save the planet with pesticides and plastics. India polis, the Hudson Institute
Blobaum, Roger. 1983 Barriers to conversion to organic farming in the U.S. mid-west States.Environmentally sound agriculture, William Lockeretz (ed.), Praeger, New York, NY
Borlaug, N. 1994 agricultural research for sustainable development. Testimony before the House U.S. Representatives Agricultural Committee, 1994
Cacek, Terry. 1984. Farming "of the conservation of other production systems. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation, 39:357-360
Daham, AK 1998 Revision Agro'Annual of crop ecology, vol. 1
Dindal 1990 Biology Guide Soil. John Wiley and Sons. New York, NY
Eberle, P and D. 1979 Dutch farms comparing organic and conventional cereals in Washington
Fliessbach, A., Eyhorn, F., Mader, P., Rentsch, Hany D.and, R. 2001 DOK long-term production test system, activity of microbial biomass and diversity ... ... Sustainable management organic matter, London, CABI
Gliessman, SR 1988 Agro Ecology, Ecological Process in Sustainable Agriculture, Ann Arbor Press, Michigan (USA)
Gupta, PK 2004, a hand book of soil, fertilizer and manure (Second Edition)
Harwood, RR 1984 Organic Farming Research ... .... and role in sustainable agriculture, Madison, Wisconsin.
Howard, Sir Albert, 1940 An Agricultural Testament, Other India Press, Mapusa, Goa, India / RFSTE, Newdelhi.
India, 1995. An annual reference publication of the division of the Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Government of India.
Joshi, Inc., Et. H 1995 The Nitrate in rural area in Nagpur, IZZEP, 15 (6)
Kansala, BD, Et. H 1981 Effect of different levers of nitrogen and farmyard manure on yield and quality of spinach
Qual.Plant. plant foods in human nutrition 31
Lal. R. Stewart, BA 1992, the need for reclamation. Adv. science soil
Lampkin, NH and Padel, S. 1994, organic farming and agricultural policy in Western Europe, an overview.
CAB International, Wallingford
McNaughton, SL and LL Wolf 1973 General Ecology, Holt, Rinehart and Winston, New York
Nannipieri, PS and B. Cencanti. 1990 Ecological significance of the activity soil biological, soil biochemistry, Vol.6Marceldekker, New York. York
Odum, EP 1971 Fundamentals of Ecology, Saunders, Philadelphia
Parr.JF et.al. 1986 Organic waste recycling for sustainable agriculture Bio.Ag.Hort 3: 115-130
Roberts. T.Al KJ 1979 The economics of organic crop production, Ag.Eco.P. No.1979-6, University of Missouri, Colombia
Sharma AK 2004 A Handbook of organic agriculture, AgroBIO (INDIA)
Sultan Ismail A. Vermicology 1997, the Biology of Earthworms, Orient Longman
Verma, LN 1993 biofertilizers in agriculture, Peekay Tree Crop Development Foundation, Cochin.
About the Author
Author is an avid natrure analyst,has worked on & written books,research papers and short & large articles on several aspects of the nature such as farming,forest,food and water etc.
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